Whats the difference between restarting and reloading Restarting does what it says on the tin stops the job and then restarts it.From there, init takes the task of starting up system processes.But which init Turns out, there are several flavors of init, and it depends on which Linux distribution youre using and how modern the release is.Unfortunately, thats not been the case and may not be the case for some time.
Some Linux distros, most notably Slackware, used the BSD-style init. Server Core Startup Programs Install Them NormallySlackware (and its derivatives) is the lone holdout for this style these days, and it includes a System V init compatibility workaround so that applications that expect to support System V init scripts can install them normally. Distros using SysV init would have several directories under etc such as rc0.d, rc1.d, through rc6.d for each runlevel though many of the runlevels are not really implemented. For example, runlevel 0 is halt, runlevel 1 or S are the single user mode, and runlevel 6 is reboot. ![]() ![]() Note that you would usually want to just use reboot instead to reboot, but telinit 6 would also work. Each link has a name like K NN sshd or S NN cups, where the NN determines the order in which services are killed (K) or started (S). This became tricky with laptops and mobile systems, because the state of a computer might determine the order in which services should be started. See the rationale for Upstart by Scott James Remnant for more detail but the short of it is that the SysV style init that served Linux well for many years became rather fragile and creaky when Linux adapted to use as a notebook OS as much as a server OS. For now, Upstart is the sort-of standard for several distros. Upstart is used by Ubuntu, current Fedora releases, and openSUSE 11.3 includes it as an optional package. But the Fedora folks are working on a replacement for Upstart called systemd, which is a system and session manager that is meant to be a drop-in replacement for sysvinit. Theres a very detailed discussion of the rationale behind systemd by Lennart Poettering that is an interesting read if youre interested in the deep details. So at some point, youll need to know Upstart or systemd, or both if you are managing systems using Upstart and systemd. Thats a whole different kettle of fish, and depends on the desktop that youre using. For example, if youre running a recent Linux distro with GNOME, youll look at System - Preferences - Startup Applications. Naturally, youre going to need to use sudo to run initctl or be logged in as root. The second field is the goal of the job, followed by the state of the job. You can also request status of jobs with initctl status job. Finally you can restart or reload jobs with the restart and reload commands.
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